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| Robert Beekes - Pre-Greek Lexicon |
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Robert Stephen Paul Beekes is THE leading expert on Indo-European and Pre-Greek. I have searched and found in his lexicon the probable Türkic roots in so-called Pre-Greek, a language that has no name or face. My theory is that Turkish was part of this language. And here is my evidence:
(130 out of 1000 means 13%, that isn't bad, is it?)
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Robert Stephen Paul Beekes, Hint-Avrupa ve Yunanca öncesi diller konusunda önde gelen uzmandır. Onun sözlüğünde, adı veya yüzü olmayan, Yunanca öncesi olarak adlandırılan dildeki muhtemel Türkçe kökenleri araştırdım ve buldum. Teorim, Türkçenin bu dilin bir parçası olduğu yönündedir. İşte kanıtlarım:
(1000 üzerinden 130, yani %13, bence hiç de fena değil)
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Pre-Greek word | meaning | Türkic word | meaning | other info |
ἀλαπαδνός alapadnos | exhauste, feeble | al-/ala | to become weak; alangu-: the become tired | Starostin/Dybo |
ἴαμνος iamnos | meadow, pasture | yamaç (not attested in Old Türkish) | side of a mountain | ?< yan? 0 side |
κρημνός Kremnos | cliff; edge of a trench | korum | cliff, heap of stones | |
μέριμνα merimna | berim | tax, to tax | ||
σιγύνης sigunes | hunting spear | sıgun | male deer | wiktionary relates the word with the Scythian Sigunnu tribe, calling them Iranian. They should have been of Türk origin. This tribe used this spear and that is why the Greeks called that with the name of that Türkic tribe. |
σίδριμνον sidrimnon | wiktionary: Hesychius gives the definition as: εὔζωνον (eúzōnon, “well-girdled”). | Südre | belt for fastening loads | Chuvash Türkish sədər; There are cognates in all Altaic langs |
σενδούκη sendouke | a box | ?kendük, kandik | bin, crib for flour, grain | Like Turk KIRK > Russ. SOROK? |
σκῐ́ουρος skiouros | squirrel | ?şışkan/şıçkan | rat, mouse | |
χλούνης Khlounes | a wild boar | kulun | foal | |
ἀμυγδάλη amugdale: see also the versions like μύκηρος [m.] ‘almond, kind of nut’ (Ath. 2, 52c and 53b, H.). Variants are Lacon. μούκηρος, ἀμιχθαλόεις, and further ἄμυκτον | almond; peach stone | for the first part of the word „amug“ I don’t have a proposal yet | could be any kind of noun derived from the Türkic root am-/amır-: to get quiet, to calm .We know that almond has a calming feature. So amıgdalı could mean the tree / the branch that calms | δάλη could be the Türkic dal / daş meaning stone. A very old sound change we can see here L ~ ş line in Tül = tüş meaning dream. Starostin/Dybo notices the Proto-Türkic form diāĺ; see also Chuv. čol |
ἴγδη igde | mortar | ügre/ugra | *ög- 1 to knead, press 2 porridge | *iuge: to knead, press, crush: Tung. *ǖ(g)-; Mong. *uɣur; Turk. *ög-. (Starostin/Dybo) |
κρίγδανον krigdanon | shield | koru-/korı- | to fence, to protect | |
δίκτυ diktu | fishing net? | tug/tuğ/tu | fish trap | ?dik-: 1. to make something erect, 2. to insert something vertical or pointed, to sew with a needle |
βασυμνιάτηςbasumniátēs, | pastry cook | basu/basıg | field, cornfield | bas-: to press, (pressed (in the hands) cake); başum: my head |
κρημνός kremnos | cliff, edge of a trench, crag, precipice | kır | mountain top, mountain ridge; edge | PMong. *kira edge, ridge |
ἀγέρδα ἄχερδος agerda akherdos | wild pear tree | kertme | pear | source: wiktionary |
καπαρδεῦσαι σκαπέρδα khapardeusai, skaperda (mobile s) | name of a game at the Dionysia, at which two youngsters with the backs to each other tried to raise the other in high with a cord running through a pole | kıp- | to press together, scissors, tongs, | kap-: to press firmly, to close, to shut, to grab |
καρδαμάλη khardamale | Persian loaf or cake made of κάρδαμον, | karba | a kind of medicinal plant | καρδαμάλη from κάρδαμον, garten cress, a Asian plant |
σιβύνη sibune | pike, spear | PTurk. *siāpan | 1 straw 2 thorn | saban/saman |
δρόσος drosos | dew, pure water (poetic) | duru su | pure water | |
ἄσβολος asbolos | soot | is ış ıs | soot; scent, odor | bol-: to become |
δνόφος dnophos | darkness, dusk, gloom | tün/tüng/dün | nicht, darknes, yesterday | Yakut düng: darkness, dark |
κνέφας knephas | vening twilight, dusk, morning twilight | kün | sun; day; south | a nice pair with δνόφος above- tün / kün |
θάλασσα talassa | sea | tal-/dal : | to sink; ocean | Mongolian dalay: ocean > Dalay Lama |
καιάδᾱς Khayadas | pit or cavern at Sparta, into which people sentenced to death (or their bodies) were thrown’ | kaya taş | big rock | Also καιάτας (Kaiatas), this version ise almost the same with kayatas |
ἄβυσσος abyssos | bottomless | suffix +sız, +siz, +suz, +süz | suffix +less | |
κρύσταλλος khristallos | [m.] ‘ice’ (Il.), also ‘rock-crystal’ | suffix +lV | meaning with, that that is having | As Kuiper (1956: 21516) remarked, the word is Pre-Greek because of the suffix -αλλο- (see 3.2.3.15). See Beekes (2008). |
νῆσος nesos | [f.] ‘island’ (Il.); also ‘(flooded) land near a river, alluvial land’ | su | water | |
σάλος Salos | ‘turbulent movement of the sea, flushing of the waves; anchorage, roads (as opposed to a protected harbor)’ (S., E., Lys., Hell.), metaphorically of an earthquake (E. it 46), ‘turbulent emotion’ | sal- | to let go, to hang down, to sway | > sal: rafter |
βάλλεκα balleka | pebble | balbal | ancestor stone; and suffix like +Ak ve+(I)k are diminutive | see Sumerian bal: stone |
κάνδαρος kandaros | charcoal, coal | kön-: | to burn | causative suffix +tVr/+dVr |
ἄνθραξ anthraks | charcoal, coal | yan- | to burn | causative suffix +tVr/+dVr like the one above |
κάχληξ, kakhleks | pebble, small stones | There is a modern Türkish word çakıl meaning pebble, but we can not find in in older Türkish languages | there are 2 Altaic possibilities, see the next box | ǯak ̔V ( ~ č-) gravel, pebbles: Tung. *ǯaxar(a); Kor. *čjàkà-. PTung. *ǯaxar(a) gravel, pebbles (галька): Man. ǯaχara, ǯaχari; Nan. ǯaχar. ◊ ТМС 1, 244. PKor. *čjàkà- 1 gravel, pebbles 2 mother of pearl (1 галька 2 перла- мутр): MKor. čjàkài 2, čjakai-tor 1; Mod. čagal 1, čagä 2. |
σμύρις smyris | emery-powder for abrading and polishing | semir: fat | semri-/semir-: to fatten | https://lsj.gr/wiki/σμύρις Frisk finds the relation to Althochdeutsch smero not convincing. |
ἄγριππος agrippos | Laconian name for the wild olive | yag | oil | |
ἀκακία akakia | name of a tree or plant, ‘acacia’ or ‘Genista acanthoclada’ | ıġaç | tree | |
aysakos αἴσακος | A branch of myrtle or laurel | sakiz | gum, resin | |
ἄκαστος akastos | maple | Modern Türkish akçaağaç: maple (white/yellow tree?) | ağaç: tree | See Basque gaztigar: maple tree |
κρούναι krounai | barren trees | kuru | dry | Turkish kuru ağaç = dry tree; Furnée (1972: 120) compares γρυνός ‘faggot, firebrand’ and γρουνός ‘dry wood, torch’
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κάννα kanna | reed | kamış | reed, a stick < kam-: to hit, to whip | |
διφθέρα diphtera | skin, leather | tere/teri/tire | skin | |
κάδυρος kadyros | uncastrated boar | kadır | tough, ruthless, harsh, rigid | |
τολύπη Tolupe | a clew of wool or yarn | tolup/tolp/top | a ball of something, something round | <tol-: to get full > tolunay: full moon ————Furnée (1972: 340) com- pares Luw. taluppi ‘clump of dough’. (A language cognate to) Pre-Greek must have been spoken in large parts of Anatolia as well, which may explain why a similar word is found in Anatolian. |
βόλινθος bolinthos | aurochs, the European bison | bolan/bulan | elk | Turk. > Russ. буланый (horse color name)’; > Hung. bölény ‘aurochs’, see Gombocz 1912. (Starostin/Dybo) |
γη(γ)γήλιξ gengelix / | field mouse | kelengü/gelengü/gelenki, and other versions | field mouse | Alternative form: γήλιγρος (gḗligros) |
κίρα Kira | fox | PTurk. *Küŕen | ferret, weasel | Alternative: κίραφος· ἀλώπηξ (H.). κίραφος has the Pre-Greek suffix -αφ- (3.2.3.33), Frisk notices κιρρός: red-yellow, yellow-brown, see Turkic kır: gray, |
No Beekes word but λύκος, lykos | wolf | PTung. *luKV | 1 lynx 2 blue fox 3 young lynx | |
λᾰ́τᾰξ • (lắtăx) f (genitive λᾰ́τᾰγος) | a water-quadruped, perhaps beaver | PTurk. *ToK-: weasel | Khak. totxanax (Sag.); Shr. toqɨnas, toqumas, toqumdas (R); Oyr. toqtonoq; Tv. toqtan (R). | |
σίγραι sigrai | small and snub-noised wild swine | sıġır | large bovine, cow | |
αἰγυπιός aygipios | vulture | aŋġıt, angut | a kind of duck | |
αἰσάλων aysalon, αἰσᾰ́ρωνaysaron (mentioned by Aristotle 382–322 BC) | a kind of falcon | sar/sarı | a kind of falcon | Proto Altaic *sàru ( ~ -e-) a bird of prey: Mong. *sar; Turk. *sar(ɨ); Kor. *súrí. |
βαῖβυξ baibux | pelican | bay- | so many birds with that „prefix“ like baykara, baykuş, baysungur | bux: bük meaning thicket; small watery place |
πελεκάν pelekan | pelican | baklan | cormorant | > Russian баклан (cormorant) |
βάτραχος batrakhos | frog | bat- | to sink | |
χελῡ́νη khelune | land turtle | ?keler | lizard | Other versions χέλυμνα (khélumna) χελύννα (khelúnna) χελῡ́νη (khelū́nē) |
κέρκα / ἀκρίς kerka / akris | grasshopper | çekürge | grasshopper | |
ἀττέλαβος attelabos | an edible locust | at- | to step | Dolg. atɨllā- ‘to jump, hop’. compare modern Türkish atla-: to jump |
βάλαγρος balagros | a kind of sweet water fish | balık | fish | |
βόμβυξ Bombyks | silkworm | Word maybe not Turkic but possibly via Türkish ears into Greek | I may write the word bo/bö meaning small insect. | We may compare several words for ‘cot- ton’ (cf. βαμβάκιον ‘coton’), of which Osman. pambuk ‘cotton’ is the best match |
κεράμβυξ kerambyks | longicorn beetle | bö/bo | insect | |
κώνωψ, -ωπος konops | gnat, mosquito | PTurk. *güńe / *guńa | moth (моль) | |
σήραμβος [?] serambos | a kind of beetle | bö/bo | insect | |
κάραβος karabos | a kind of beetle | kara: black | bo/bö: inscet | > scarabeo |
σκορπίος skorpios | scorpion | without s-mobile > korpios derived from Akkadian Agarbio | Agu: poison | bo/bö: insect |
ἀλίβας alibas | corpse, dead person | al- there are many al-words in Türkic lands meaning an error | 1 to become weak 2 bad 3 to be vile (of a man), to turn septic (of a wound) 4 weak, inferior 5 upset | Starostin/Dybo |
ῥάχις rakhis | back, spine | arka | back | compare Akkadian pana u arka means before and behind |
σιᾱγών siagon | jaw, jawbone | çiğne, çeyne | to chew | |
σκινδακίσαι skindakisai | sexual arousal at night | sik: penis | sik-: to copulate | |
φαλλός phallos | membrum virile | bel | belly; sperm, penis | Also φάλης, -ητος (Sophr.) and βαλλίον (Herod. 6, 69). |
ἀμοργίς amorgis | a kind of dress | amır- | to get quiet, to love | |
κοσύμβη kosymbe | name of a cloak which acc. to D. Chr. 72, 1 was used by herders and countrymen | koş- | to tie | |
σισύρα sisyra | thick, villous cloak (made of goat fur), fleece cloak | Proto Altaic *sísu ( ~ z-) | to baste, cloth | a kind of skirt of the Scythian |
ὕσκλος, ὕσχλος Isklos | a device (ἀγκύλη, βρόχος) on sandals used to fasten the straps’ | sık- | to narrow, to compress | > sıkıl- (passive form of sık-), passive making suffix +Vl is very old. |
κρωσσός krossos | water pail, pitcher, salve bottle, cinerary urn’ | su | water | The element -σσ-, as well as the technical meaning, points to a Pre-Greek word (see 2.5.5.9a) |
κώρυκος korykos | leather sack | qurman, quruɣluq | bow case, quiver | PMong. *kor, *korum- quiver |
κόνδυ kondy | a cup | kendük | large earthenware jar for storing flour | Chuv. kandi ‘round wooden bowl’. |
ἄσιλλα asilla | yoke for carrying baskets | asıl- | to be hung or to be the subject of hanging | substrate word in view of the suffix -ιλλα (see 3.2.3.76) corresponds with Türkic +lV (With or passive form like "is being (hung)“ |
δοίδυξ doiduks | pestle | doynak, tuyuk, toynak, tuzak, etc | hoof | |
θρῖναξ, -ακος, trinaks, trinakos | ‘three-pronged fork, trident’ | tırnak, dırnak | claw, finger-nail | Alternative formsθρῑνάκη (wiki) thrinake |
κάρδοπος kardopos | kneading-trough | opo: white powder, white lead (PTung. *upa flour) | ?kar-: to mix and see kor: yogurt or kumis starter (maya) | |
τύκος Tykos | tool for processing stones, blacksmith’s hammer, pickaxe’, also ‘bat- tle axe’ (Hdt. 7, 89: codd. κ and χ; Poll. 7, 118 and 125) | tokı- | "beating, striking, stabbing, writing on stone“ | > tokımak "striking tool“ |
σαγήνη sagene | large fishing net | aġ | trap | s-mobile? see Shor aŋnɨɣ, Khak. aɣnɨχ 'net for catching sables’ |
θώραξ thoraks | cuirass | duruş- | to fight | |
κόρυς, -υθος Korys | helmet | korı- | to protect | |
πέλεκυς pelekys | axe, hatchet | balta | axe | |
ξίφος Ksiphos | sword | kes- | to cut | Mycenean qi-si-pe-e /kwsiphehe/ |
τόξον tokson | bow’, plur. ‘shooting device(s), (bows and) arrows’ | ok: arrow | toku: belt buckle, | see also tokış-: to battle and PJpn. *tuku: device on bow to fix the arrow (приспособление на луке для фиксации стрелы): MJpn. tuku. |
εὔληρα eulera | reins (horse) | yular | reins | Even Nisanyan shows the similarity but proposes a common „Eurasian“ source (mein question: what could it be besides Turkish?) |
κημός kemos | muzzle (mouthpiece of a horse), cover for nose and mouth | gem-/kem- | to gnaw | the word gem means in Türkish bit/bridle and it could be derived from gem-/kem-. |
χαλῑνός kalinos | bridle, rein, bit’ (Il.), also metaph. ‘marine ropes’ (Pi., E.) | kalın | thick, stiff | semantically compatible with marine ropers directly. |
καπᾱ́να kapana | Thessalian word for wagon | kapan | trap | from kap-: to press firmly, to close, to shut, to grab |
κόλλυβος kollybos | small change’ (Ar., Eup., Call.), ‘small gold weight’ (Thphr.) | bo/bö | small insect | there are many BO words in Pre-Greek and many of them are insects. Because of the shape or size it could be easily compatible |
κύνδαλος kyndalos | wooden nail | dal | tree branch/tree | kın: sheath, scabbard |
μάλθη malthe | mix of wax and pitch’, used to caulk ships, and on writing tablets, Also name of a large aquatic animal | bal | honey > balık mud | balık: fish |
ἑστία estia | hearth, fireplace, altar’, metaph. ‘house, family, etc.’. Var. Ion. ἱστίη, Aeol. Boeot. Locr. Dor. Arc. ἱστία. | is ış ıs | soot; scent, odor | |
ἐσχάρα eskhara | ‘hearth, house, sacrificing hearth’ (Il.), metaph. ‘platform, stand’ (Ph. Bel., etc.) | içgerü | inward, inside | Khak. isker: interior of sth. Gülensoy’s Bashkurd iskäri: inside. And İşKara a name in Uyghur times |
καλύβη kalybe | hut, cabin’ (Hdt.); ‘bridal bower’ (A. R.); ‘sleeping-tent | kalı | dwelling place, accommodation | |
πάγασα pagasa | door | bogaz | a narrow passage | Furnée (1972: 15757) identifies the word with the town Παγασαί in Thessaly. This town is a port with a very narrow passage! |
ἄγυια agyia | street, road | ag- | rise, surpass | |
γέφῡρα gepyhra | bridge | köprü | bridge | it is one of the best examples of the Türkic substrate in „Pre-Greek“ like eulera/yular is |
τίτανος titanos | chalk | tıt- | To be completely fragmented, chalk is brittle (brüchig) | Here we see the +αν, a Pre-Greek suffix that is having a similar function like Türkic +an that makes nouns from verbs. tıtan would mean „that that breaks“. |
ἄναξ, -κτος anaks/anaktos | lord, ruler | ınak | trusted person, loyal friend, confidant, advisor | |
βασιλεύς basileus | king (especially the Persian king), prince | Başlı | in its most basic sense means "having a head," | literally „with a head“. I have already shown the etymology of that word in the name of „Βασιλήϊοι[WS 1]oder ‚königliche‘ Skythai - BAŞLI ISKIT |
βάταλος batalos Also βάτταλος; βατᾶς, βαδᾶς | a lewd man, herma- phrodite, catamite; lascivious | batur | hero | compare Arabic baṭṭāl/baṭṭāl, meaning a hero, warrior |
ἔρῑθος erithos | day-laborer, of reapers, sheaf-binders (Σ 550, 560), spinner | egir- | to spin, twist | in other dialects: Tuvan ēr, Tatar ir, Shor īr |
θέμις themis | justice, law, custom | denk | equal, in the same weight | semantically possible. I have already shown in the names Themiskyra and Themimasades that a change of Türkic NG sound to Pre-Greek M |
θής, θητός θᾶτας· θῆτας thatas thetas thetos | serf, bondsman; hired laborer | tat | foreigner, infidel, especially Iranian | |
μέλλαξ, -ακος mellaks mellakos | young one | bala | young child | |
κάβαισος κάβασος kabaisos, kabasos | gluttonous fellow | kaba | thick, swollen | |
βαλβίς, -ῖδος balbis | rope indicating start and finish of the race-course, turning post | ba- | to bind | baw/bağ: rope and we see here bal possibly meaning a stone like in balbal |
Κορύβαντες Korybantes | Phrygian priests | koru-/korı- | to protect | they are there to protect the goddess |
ὄρυμος orymos | altar | orun | a higer place | |
ψῡχή psyche | aspiration, breath, life, vitality, soul (of the deceased), spirit | pus/bus | fog, smoke, steam | |
γρῡπός grypos | hook-nosed, curved | egri | curved, turned | |
παρδακός pardakos | wet, damp | bart > bardak (small bart) | A drinking glass (Oghuz Turkish); a unit of measurement for wine and similar liquid substances. | |
ἀπάτη apate | fraud, deceit | Karakhani abı- abıt-, in other dialects aba-, abaj-, etc. | to hide, to be cautious, caution, precautions | |
ἰάλεμος yalemos | lament, dirge | ıġla- / yıġla- | to whine, to cry | |
ἀλαπάζω alapazo | to drain, plunder, destroy | al- | to get; to capture, to win | |
Ἀθήνη athene Ἀθῆναι (Dor. Ἀθᾶναι) | Athena | ata ana | mother of the ancestors | |
Ἀπόλλων Apollon | god of archery | ab | hunt | Wikipedia: A Luwian etymology suggested for Apaliunas makes Apollo "The One of Entrapment", perhaps in the sense of „Hunter" |
Ἄρτεμις Dor. Ἄρταμις Artemis Artamis | Artemis | ertem/erdem | virtue | |
Ἀσγελάτας asgelatas Αἰγλάτας aiglatas | epithets of Ἀπόλλων Apollon | ata | father/ancestor | |
Διόνῡσος Dionysos | name of a god (Thracian) | deniz | sea, ocean | ΔιΕνυσος Dienysos (Amorgos), Δεύνυσος deynisos (Anacr.) |
Ἐριχθόνιος erikhthonius | name of a hero and king of Athens, son of Ge, father of Pandion (A., E.); also name of a Trojan, son of Dardanos, father of Tros (Υ 219, 230). | erig | reachable | other versions Ερεχσες. Ἐρεχθεύς / Ερεχσες. Also see Türkic Erik: strong; erk: willpower |
Κάβειροι kabeiroi | name of chthonic gods, especially on Samothrace and Lemnos, as well as in Boeotia | kabar- | to get bigger/swollen | Beekes adds: Κάβαρνοι, name of the priests of Demeter on Paros. This root must have been Pre-Greek *kabary-. |
Καδμῖλος Kadmilos but also Κάμιλλος Kamillos | one of the Κάβειροι, son of Kabeiro and Hephaistos | kam | shaman | suffix +lV: with, having > KAMLI |
Ὀδυσσεύς Odysseus | son of Laertes and Anticleia, king of the island Ithaca | oduz- | to manage, to direct, | Several by-forms with λ: Ὀλυσ(σ)εύς, Ὀλυτ(τ)εύς, Ὀλισεύς, etc. (vase-inscr.), Οὐλιξεύς (Hdn. Gr.)- These forms could be compatible with the word oglu meaning son |
