Pre-Greek-words-with-bal-versus-Tuerkic-bal

 

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As I have seen the words below, I have thought of Türkic word bal, meaning honey and mud. [1] 

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Now let us see Pre-Greek Words containing "βάλ":

βάλερος ~ βάλαγρος: carp

κικιβάλους: a kind of shellfish or fish (some freshwater mussels lives in muddy and sandy grounds)

ἀρβάλη: earthen pan

ἀρύβαλλος: a globular oil-flask 

These bal words could be related to Türkic "bal" meaning earth, mud.

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βάλσαμον: balsam

βαλίς: wild fig 

βάλανος: acorn (syrup?)

φοινικοβάλανοι: dates

παλάθη: a kind of cake

παλλιχίαρ: a kind of cake

παλάςια ~ παλάθια: harvested figs

These here can be related to the other Türkic "bal", meaning honey, because of the taste and/or texture. 

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#etymology

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TÜRKÇE:

Aşağıdaki sözcükleri görünce, bal ve çamur anlamına gelen Türkçe "bal" sözcüğünü düşündüm. [1]

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Şimdi de içinde "βάλ" olan Yunanca öncesi sözcüklere bakalım:

βάλερος ~ βάλαγρος: sazan

κικιβάλους: bir tür kabuklu deniz ürünü veya balık (bazı tatlı su midyeleri çamurlu ve kumlu zeminlerde yaşar)

ἀρβάλη: kilden tava

ἀρύβαλλος: Dar boyunlu, küçük, küresel veya küremsi bir şişe

Bu "bal" kelimeleri, toprak, çamur anlamına gelen Türkçe "bal" kelimesiyle ilişkili olabilir.

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βάλσαμον: balsam

βαλίς: yabani incir

βάλανος: meşe palamudu (şurup?)

φοινικοβάλανοι: tarihler

παλάθη : bir çeşit kek

παλλιχίαρ: bir çeşit kek

παλάςια ~ παλάθια: hasat edilmiş incir

Bunlar ise tat ve/veya doku nedeniyle diğer Türk dilinde bal anlamına gelen "bal" ile ilişkilendirilebilir.

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#etimoloji

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Uzunbacak Adem 

Sources:

[1] https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/86865466/FULL_TEXT.PDF

Pics: 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mud_closeup.jpg

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honig#/media/Datei:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%B4.jpg

Greeks-had-a-wort-for-it-partly-with-Tuerkic-etymology

 

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“Pre-Greek”

What was it?

This Pre-Greek!

Most likely not Indo-European. A dead end.

There are various hypotheses—regarding Pelasgian, Lelegian, Carian, and so on... No one knows exactly what kind of languages ​​they actually were. A dead end. Free rein for the imagination.

If we assume that there were many languages ​​constituting this mysterious "Pre-Greek," we might begin to examine them. Who were those non-Indo-European peoples inhabiting this region? We are dealing with a non-Greek language that Indo-Europeanists term "Pre-Greek," yet about which they can say nothing concrete. It is highly unfortunate that we label a non-Greek language "Pre-Greek," for the term itself leads us to read only "Greek" into it. This language represents, in a sense, a second "sacred birth," as we classify every language in the region into the categories of "Pre-Greek" and "Post-Greek" (Greek)—thereby easily obscuring the very languages ​​we ought to be discussing. For we define them all by their position in relation to Greek. As a result, the others lose importance, while Greek gains it.

When I discuss this topic with people, I often hear that it couldn't possibly be a Turkic language, since the Turks and their language only emerged in the 6th century AD. Crystal clear. Given that Turkic languages ​​supposedly had no past and the Göktürk Empire took only a few decades to rise to the status of a major power, this seems logical—doesn't it? The Turks suddenly appeared on the scene—practically falling from the sky—and immediately possessed their own language, script, and empire. Yes. It’s as simple as that. They argue "Türkish" couldn't be a "pre-Greek" language because the Turks were based in Central Asia at the time; there were countless national borders there in Eurasian Steppe, and the Turks possessed neither passports nor visas. Therefore, they could never have been in Europe back then. They simply couldn't have come to Europe and founded a state there. (Yet these Indo-Europeanists are the very same people who emphasize mobility of the Türks—due to the simplicity of their way of life—when the issue of a "lack of culture" arises. These Indo-Europeanists (want to) decide what people talk about and when the time is that they should talk about it). For this reason, neither the Thracians, the Scythians, nor the Sarmatians were Turks, not even partially (my notion)—because they were all Indo-Europeans, one race, one language, one culture of Indo-Europans. How do we know this? We may only know a few names from these cultures, yet our thesis is crystal clear: they must have been Indo-Europeans, for the Indo-Europeans were always the wise ones who showed others how things worked. They were the fastest, bravest, smartest, most cultured, and most humane. (Actually we know only one Sarmatian word, really only one). Such ideas stem from an era of benighted Indo-Europeanists who explained why Indo-Europeans must have been superior to others. Colonialist notions, nothing more. "We were better than everyone else, so we may—or must—rule, while the others must obey." That was precisely the mindset. Without it, they could never have exploited and destroyed other cultures and languages.

And this mindset lives on. They decide who may be cited and which lines of thought may be pursued. I was banned from Wikipedia many times for writing about "Turkish perspectives" (POVs). I was branded a nationalist—an irrational one, at that—whereas Indo-Europeans are permitted to be nationalists, since they are regarded as the rational ones. It is regrettable that we are allowed to write about our own past only with the blessing of these Indo-Europeanists. In reality, it is they who, acting as chauvinists and racists, wield power through the "tyranny of citation." One is permitted to define oneself only in terms of their 200-year-old ideas. 

A NO to that!

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Following this long prologue, I would like to demonstrate, using a new list, that "Pre-Greek" must have been at least partly Turkish. Here are my findings.

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TÜRKÇE

“Yunan Öncesi”

Neydi bu?

Bu Yunan öncesi dil!

Büyük olasılıkla Hint-Avrupa kökenli değil. Bir çıkmaz sokak.

Pelasg, Leleg, Karya dilleri ve benzerleri üzerine çeşitli hipotezler mevcut... Ancak bunların gerçekte ne tür diller olduğunu kimse tam olarak bilmiyor. Bir çıkmaz sokak. Hayal gücüne sınırsız bir alan.

Eğer bu gizemli "Yunan öncesi" yapıyı oluşturan birçok dilin var olduğunu varsayarsak, bunları incelemeye başlayabiliriz. Bu bölgede yaşayan ve Hint-Avrupa kökenli olmayan o halklar kimlerdi? Hint-Avrupa dili uzmanlarının "Yunan öncesi" olarak adlandırdığı, ancak hakkında somut hiçbir şey söyleyemedikleri, Yunanca olmayan bir dille karşı karşıyayız. Yunanca olmayan bir dili "Yunan öncesi" olarak etiketlememiz son derece talihsiz bir durum; zira bu terimin kendisi, bizi o dilde yalnızca "Yunanca"yı görmeye yöneltiyor. Bu dil, bir bakıma ikinci bir "kutsal doğum"u temsil ediyor; zira bölgedeki her dili "Yunan öncesi" ve "Yunan sonrası" (Yunanca) kategorilerine ayırıyor ve böylece aslında tartışmamız gereken dilleri kolayca göz ardı ediyoruz. Çünkü hepsini Yunanca ile olan konumlarına göre tanımlıyoruz. Sonuç olarak, diğerleri önemini yitirirken Yunanca önem kazanıyor.

İnsanlarla bu konuyu konuştuğumda, sık sık bunun bir Türk dili olamayacağını duyuyorum; çünkü Türklerin ve dillerinin ancak MS 6. yüzyılda ortaya çıktığı varsayılıyor. Gayet açık. Türk dillerinin sözde bir geçmişi olmadığı ve Göktürk İmparatorluğu'nun büyük bir güç statüsüne yükselmesinin sadece birkaç on yıl sürdüğü düşünüldüğünde, bu mantıklı görünüyor; öyle değil mi? Türkler aniden sahneye çıkıyor —adeta gökten zembille iniyor— ve hemen kendi dillerine, alfabelerine ve imparatorluklarına sahip oluyorlar. Evet. İşin aslı bu kadar basit. "Türkçe"nin bir "Yunan öncesi" dil olamayacağını savunuyorlar; çünkü o dönemde Türkler Orta Asya'da bulunuyordu; Avrupa ile aralarında sayısız ulusal sınır vardı ve Türklerin ne pasaportu ne de vizesi mevcuttu. Dolayısıyla, o tarihlerde Avrupa'da bulunmuş olmaları imkansızdı. Avrupa'ya gelip orada bir devlet kurmuş olmaları mümkün değildi. (Oysa bu Hint-Avrupalı ​​araştırmacılar, konu "kültür yoksunluğu"na geldiğinde —yaşam tarzlarının sadeliği nedeniyle— Türklerin hareketliliğini vurgulayanların ta kendileridir. Bu Hint-Avrupalı ​​araştırmacılar, insanların neler hakkında konuşacağına ve bu konuların ne zaman konuşulması gerektiğine (kendilerince) karar vermek isterler.) Bu nedenle, ne Traklar ne İskitler ne de Sarmatlar —kısmen bile olsa— Türk değildi; çünkü hepsi Hint-Avrupalıydı; tek bir ırk, tek bir dil ve tek bir Hint-Avrupa kültürüydüler. Bunu nereden biliyoruz? Bu kültürlerden belki sadece birkaç isim biliyoruzdur ama tezimiz son derece açıktır: Hint-Avrupalı ​​olmalılar; zira Hint-Avrupalılar, işlerin nasıl yürüdüğünü başkalarına gösteren o bilge kişilerdi her zaman. En hızlı, en cesur, en zeki, en kültürlü ve en insancıl olan onlardı. (Aslında Sarmat diline ait sadece tek bir kelime biliyoruz; gerçekten de sadece bir tane.) Bu tür fikirler, Hint-Avrupalıların neden diğerlerinden üstün olması gerektiğini açıklayan, o karanlık zihniyetli Hint-Avrupalı ​​araştırmacıların döneminden kalmadır. Sömürgeci düşüncelerden başka bir şey değil. "Biz herkesten daha üstündük, bu yüzden yönetebiliriz —hatta yönetmeliyiz—; diğerleri ise itaat etmek zorundadır." Zihniyet tam olarak buydu. Bu zihniyet olmasaydı, diğer kültürleri ve dilleri asla sömüremez ve yok edemezlerdi.

Ve bu zihniyet varlığını sürdürüyor. Kimin kaynak gösterileceğine ve hangi düşünce çizgilerinin izleneceğine onlar karar veriyor. "Türk perspektifleri" (POVs - bakış açıları) ile yazdığım için Wikipedia'dan defalarca yasaklandım. -Mantıksız bir milliyetçi— olarak damgalandım; oysa Hint-Avrupalıların milliyetçi olmasına izin verilir, çünkü onlar rasyonel kişiler olarak görülürler. Kendi geçmişimiz hakkında yalnızca bu Hint-Avrupalı ​​araştırmacıların onayıyla yazabilmemiz üzücü bir durumdur. Aslında, şovenist ve ırkçı bir tavırla hareket eden ve "atıf zorbalığı" yoluyla güç kullananlar onlardır. İnsanın kendini tanımlamasına ancak onların 200 yıllık fikirleri çerçevesinde izin verilir.

Buna HAYIR!

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Bu uzun önsözden sonra, yeni bir liste kullanarak "Yunan öncesi" (Pre-Greek) yapının en azından kısmen Türkçe olması gerektiğini ortaya koymak istiyorum. İşte bulgularım.

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Ancient Greek word	meaning	Türkic word	meaning	Another info
ἄναξ  / anaks	ruler, lord	ına-	to trust, to believe	wiktionary: From the classical period, the vocative singular forms ᾰ̓́νᾰξ (ắnăx) and ᾰ̓́νᾰ(ắnă) have the poetic variants ὦνᾰξ (ônăx) and ὦνᾰ (ônă), which are the result of crasis with a preceding vocative particle ὦ (ô, “O”), the uncontracted forms being ὦ ἄναξ (ô ánax) and ὦ ἄνα (ô ána).
κίδαφος Kidaphos	fox			kiùtí a k. of fox: Tung. *kitiri; Mong. *küderi; Jpn. *kìtúnái.
μύρρα	myrrh (a plant who functions as a calming substance)	amır-	to get quiet, calm	ςμύρνα: Beekes says μύρρα is a derivation of Smyrna (Izmir) with a mobile S?
πελεκάν pelekan	pelican	baklan	cormorant
κάραβος Karabos	pricky beetle; crustacean	kara bö	Black insect	καράμβιος/Karambios is a version of Kara like in Karambukai (Karabük = black thicket) Russian put an +n to Kara and made Karandash (Kara-tash)
κέρκα	locust	PTurk. *čekürtke locust	Tur. čekirge	PMong. *čarča- locust,
κινάβρα kinabra	smell of a he-goat	PTurk. *K(i)aŋ-(ɨr)- 1 nose 2 to snuffle 3 beak, snout 4 parched nose (phras.) 5 nose bridge (1 нос 2 гнусавить 3 клюв, морда 4 пересохший (о носе) 5 переносица): Karakh. qaŋraq ̔palate’ (MK - ДТС); Turkm. Gaŋšɨravuq ‘nasal cavity’, Goŋursa- ‘to reek’; Bashk. qaŋɣɨrɨq (dial.) ‘hard palate’; Kirgh. qaŋɨrɨq 4, qoŋursu- ‘to reek’; SUygh. qaŋrɨq, qãrq 1; Oyr. qaŋɨrɨq (Tel.) (R II, 82); qoŋɨr 5 (R II 521), Tel. (Верб.); Tv. xāj 3, xš ‘na- sal’, qoŋzaŋ ‘crook-nosed’; Tof. xāj 1, 3; Yak. xaŋɨnaj- 2; xoŋurū, xaŋɨr5 (Пек.).		see κιναύρα
κοκκοβάγη Kokkobage	owl	bay-kuş	owl	κουκουβαΐα kukubaia          (beg ~ bey)
καθαρός/ἀθαρής katharos/athares	clean, pure	arı	clean, pure
αἰςάλων/αἰςάρων aysalon/aysaron	a kind of hawk	sarı, sarıca	bird of prey, kite	sàru ( ~ -e-) a bird of prey: Mong. *sar; Turk. *sar(ɨ); Kor. *súrí. PMong. *sar 1 bird of prey 2 snipe (1 хищная птица 2 бекас): MMong. sar (HY 14) ‘duck-hawk, harrier’; WMong. sar (L 674); Kh. sar  1, sarālǯin 2; Bur. harālža(n) 2; Kalm. sar ‘big kite’; Mongr. sār (SM 326). ◊ KW 313. Mong. > Oyr. sɨrālin etc. (ЭСТЯ 7). PTurk. *sar(ɨ) 1 bird of prey, kite 2 a k. of falcon 3 starling 4 siskin (1  хищная птица, коршун 2 сарыч 3 скворец 4 чиж): Tur. sarɨ-ǯa 4; Az. sar 2; Turkm. sar 3; MTurk. sar, sariča 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. sɔr 2; Uygh. sa(r) 1; Tat. sarɨč 2; Bashk. har 2; Kirgh. sarɨ 1; SUygh. sar 1; Tv. sarɨ 2.  ◊ VEWT 402b, Лексика 170, ЭСТЯ 7. PKor. *súrí eagle, hawk (орел, ястреб): MKor. súrí; Mod. suri. ◊ HMCH 180, Liu 474, KED 1002. ‖ KW 313, VEWT 402, ТМС 2,64 (Evk. sar < Mong.), KW 313. Cf.  also Jurch. siel ( < *siar-) ‘hawk’.
ἄχερδος ἀγέρδα acherdos acherda	wild pear	kertme	wild pear	Wiktionary 18.04.2026: According to Beekes, from a substrate root common to Albaniandardhë (“pear”). But this ignores the presence of Crimean Tatar kertme (“pear”), dialectal Turkishkertme (“pear”), Kipchak كرتما / chertme (“pear”), allegedly from the verb which is in Turkishkertmek (“to notch, to indent”) because originally meaning a sort of pear which was grafted, then having the transparent suffix -me (forms things created as the result of verbs), but also Ossetianкӕрдо (kærdo, “pear”), Chechen кхор (qor, “pear”), Ingush кхор (qor, “pear”).
χιτών κιτών chiton kiton	tunic	ton/tong	dress
κερχνῄς κέρκνος‡ kerknos	hawk (see Autenrieth157 κίρκος / kirkos)	kırguy, kırkuy, karguy, karkuy: hawk	PTurk. *Kɨŕ-, *Kɨrguj, *Kɨragan 1 hawk, falcon 2 faultless (of a bird of prey) (1 ястреб, сокол 2 ловкий, бьющий без промаха (о ловчей птице)): Karakh. qɨrɣuj 1 (MK); Tur. kɨrɣaj, kɨrɣɨ 1, kuran (dial.) ‘hawk’, kɨrkaw (dial., R.) ‘a k. of hawk’; Az. Gɨrɣɨ 1; Turkm. Gɨrɣɨ 1; MTurk. qirɣu (Pav. C.), qɨrɣɨ (Ettuhf.) 1; Uzb. qirɣij 1, qirɔnqara ‘орел-могильник’; Uygh. ɣurɣuj, qarɣaj 1 (dial.); Krm. qɨrɣɨj, qɨrqɨn, qɨrxɨn 1; Tat. qɨrɣɨj 1 (dial.); Bashk. qɨjɣɨr (dial.) 1; Kirgh. qɨrān, qɨran 1, 2, qɨrɣɨj, qɨjɣɨr 1, qɨrɣɨjek ‘young hawk’; Kaz. qɨran 2, qɨrɣɨj 1; KKalp. qɨran 2, qɨrɣɨj 1; Kum. qɨrɣɨj 1; Khak. xɨza 1, xɨrɣɨjax ‘young hawk’; Chuv. xərxi 1, xərɛn ‘kite’; Yak. kɨrbɨj ‘серый сокол, сокол-чеглок, ястреб’ (?).	See also Pre-Greek happy κέρκαξ
πάρδαλις pardalis	leopard	bars	leopard
καρίς κουρίς karis kouris	small crustacean	karınca	ant	Wiktionary 19.04.26 The exact derivation is unknown, but the element /kaɾ/ connects many names for shrimps, crayfish, scorpions and crabs, about which see Persian خرچنگ(xarčang, “crab”) and Old Armenian կարիճ(karič, “scorpion”).
ἐβίςκος ἰβίςκος ebiskos hibiskos	marsh mallow			*­éba(-ku) marshmallow, hollyhock: Tung. *ebke-; Mong. *(h)abuga; Jpn. *ápúpi; Kor. *à’ók.
ςέρφος ςυρφός serphos surphos	a kind of winged insect	çır	sound of splitting and tearing, evolved from an onomatopoeic word.
κήξ καύαξ keks kauaks	gull, sea sparrow, tern	kuu, kuw	swan
ἀςίρακος ἀςείρακος asirakos aseirakos	locust	sarincga/cekirge	locust
ςῦς, sus	pig	çuçha, suskha	pig
ἵππος ippos	horse	Yabu, Yabı, Yabak	horse (not a very good one, a wild one)	Also see: yabıtak: A naked horse without a saddle or covering. Divanü Lügati't-Türk: In the work of Mahmud al-Kashgari (DLT III: 24), it is stated that the Chigils also called the felt/saddle cushion placed on and under the saddle „yabı“.
λύκος Lukos	wolf			*­l[ù]k ̔Ỽ ( ~ -k-) lynx, wild cat: Tung. *luKV; Mong. *nogu-ɣal; Jpn. *niàkua ( ~ *nàikua); Kor. *nɨk-. PTung. *luKV 1 lynx 2 blue fox 3 young lynx (1 рысь 2 голубой пе- сец 3 рысенок): Evk. luku 1 (диал.); Man. luka 2; Orch. loke 1. ◊ See ОСНЯ 2,35. PMong. *nogu-ɣal young of lynx (детеныш рыси): WMong. noɣuɣal (L 595: nuɣuul); Kh. nogōl; Bur. nogōl; Kalm. noɣālā, noɣālǟ ‘зай- чонок весеннего приплода’. ◊ KW 278. PJpn. *niàkua ( ~ *nàikua) cat (кошка): OJpn. nekwo; Tok. néko; Kyo. nékò; Kag. nekó. ◊ JLTT 495. Accent is not quite clear: probably a variation of *nàikuà ( > Kyoto nékò) and *nàikuá (Tokyo néko); Kagoshima supports low tone on the first syllable, but is irrele- vant for the second one. PKor. *nɨk- jackal, (KED) wolf (шакал; волк): Mod. nɨktä. ◊ KED 367. ‖ The Jpn. vocalism is aberrant; the diphthong may require a recon- struction like *lòjk ̔V. Cf. also notes to *luko.
κάραβος ~ καράμβιος karabos karambios	dungbeetle	kara bö	Black insect	the same word for the same animal
φθείρ phtheir	louse	bit	louse	PKor. *pátắrí a k. of bee (вид пчелы): MKor. pátắrí; Mod. pādəri.
ἀςκάλαβος καλαβώτης askalabos kalabotes	lizard	bo/bö	small insect
κροκόδειλος ~ κερκύδιλος ~ κορκόδειλος ~ κορκόδηλος ~ κορκόδιλος ~ κορκόνδειλος ~ κρεκόδειλος‡ ~ κροκόδιλος ~ κροκύδειλος‡ ~ ςκορκόνδειλους‡, Ionic for ‘lizard’ and later ‘crocodile’, ‚alligator’, korkodilos, etc.	lizard, crocodile, alligator	korku?	fear	my mother was afraid of lizards, because she thought that they enter into her ear
δίζα diza	she-goat	tişi, dizi	she, female of any animal, woman	orginally Türkic tişi, dizi and the Greeks made it to female with a suffix +a
ἄςπαλος aspalos	A kind of fish, unspecified	balık: fish (Chuvash polъ)	aş/as: food > aspal: any edible fish	according to Beekes, it is rather a Pre-Greekword. see also ἀςπαλία: angling, fishing
πάγουρος paguros	crab	bakır	red color (actually copper)	Türks used bakır as a color. They called Mars Bakır Sokum, because of its reddish color. Maybe they called those crustaceans with their color, too. Maybe because of even the flesh of those animals which is orange/red
κάππαρος Kapparos	a kid of fish	kapar-	to get swollen
κόραξ koraks	raven, crow	karga	raven, crow	for κορώνη, meaning hooded crow (Corvus cornix) see Türkic Kurgun meaning crow, too. Also the other Altaic words: ­kăro crow, raven: Tung. *kori; Mong. *kerije; Jpn. *kara-su; Kor. *kằr-.
κέρκος ~ κέρκνος kerkos kerknos	cock, jen	PTurk. *Kɨŕ-, *Kɨrguj, *Kɨragan	hawk, falcon	see κίρκος meaning falcon. I have already written about that in my blog
κίρκος Mirkos	falcon	PTurk. *Kɨŕ-, *Kɨrguj, *Kɨragan	hawk, falcom
αἴγιθος aygitos αἴγινθος(aíginthos), αἰγίοθος(aigíothos)	an unidentified bird	anġıt/aŋıt	a kind of duck
αἰγωλιός~αἰγώλιος aygolios	a kind of owl	PTurk. *ügi owl (сова): Karakh. ügi, ühi (MK, KB, IM); Tur. öjü; Turkm. hüvi; MTurk. ügü (Sangl., CCum.); Uygh. ükä; Tat. öke; Bashk. ökö; Kirgh. ükü; KKalp. ükü; Khak. ügü; Shr. ügü; Oyr. ükü; Tv. ügü; Tof. hügü, hij-quš; Chuv. ügə, üxə.		better is the Mongolian match: PMong. *uɣuli owl (сова): MMong. uli (HY 13), əɣəli ‘eagle-owl’ (IM); WMong. uuli, uɣuli (L 864); Kh. ūĺ; Bur. ūli; Kalm. ūĺə; Ord. ūli; Mongr. ŋguloG (SM 292).
γαγίλα gagila	jackdaw	kakıra	in Manas we can find this word for goose
ταώς taos	peacock	tauk / taku	hen, bird
τόργος  torgos	vulture	torgay	lark	PTurk. *torgaj 1 small bird 2 lark (1 маленькая птица 2 жаворо- нок): OTurk. torɨɣa 1; Karakh. turumtaj ‘a predatory bird used for hawking’ (MK); Tur. turgaj 2; Az. toraɣaj; Turkm. torGaj 2; Tat. turɣaj 2; Kirgh. torɣoj 2; Khak. pos-tarɣaj 2; Chuv. tъₙri 2; Yak. tujār 1.————————Its metathesis form Toygar could be the original name of Teucer/Teukros, a Trojan war legend
δάκτυλος daktilos	finger	tokı-	to beat, to strike, to stab, to engrave on stone	all the movements of the hand
ὦμος omos	shoulder	omuz	shoulder	See Latin Umerus und proto form omur (Chuv. ъₙmъₙr. )
ὀμφαλός omphalos	navel	umay	placenta, afterbirth; goddess of birth	compare „om“ to Altaic ­úmu to bear, give birth: Tung. *omu- / *umu-; Mong. *(h)umaj; Turk. *umaj; Jpn. *úm-; Kor. *ūm.
οὐλή ule	scar, wound	PTurk. *ăl- 1 to become weak, to turn septic (of a wound)	OTurk. alaŋ-a-d- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. alɨɣ 2 (MK), alɨq- 3 (MK, KB); Tur. alɨk, (Osm.) alu 4, alaz, alɨz 4 (dial.), alkɨn 5 (dial.); Gag. alɨq 7, 10; Turkm. al-ŋ-a-sa- 9; MTurk. aluq 7 (Abush. 27); Uygh. alaq, alaŋ 7; Krm. alas 19; Tat. ala-ma 2, 6; Bashk. alama 2, 6, al-jawu 11; Kirgh. alaŋ, alaɣ-dɨ 18; Kaz. alaŋ 18; KBalk. alɨn- 11; KKalp. alaŋ 18; Nogh. ala-ŋ-ɣa-s-ar 18; SUygh. alɣač 8 (ЯЖУ 14); Khak. alɨɣ 10, alas 5, al-ɨn-, al-ax- 11, (caus.) 12; Shr. al-aq-tɨr- (caus. from *al-aq-) 12, al-aq-qan 13, alɨɣ 10, al-ɨn- 11; Oyr. alā (< alaɣ) 14, alu (< alɨɣ) 10, alaŋ 15, alɣas 5, al-ɨn- 11; Tv. alāq- 17, alaŋ 15; Yak. alɣas 16.	Wiktionary: From an archaic form *ϝουλή (woulē), from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit”). Closest cognates are Latin vulnus(“wound”) and Irish fuil (“blood”).
ἄλγος algos	pain	Turk. *ăl- 1 to become weak 2 bad 3 to be vile (of a man), to turn septic (of a wound) 4 weak, inferior 5 upset 6 old, worn-out 7 crazy 8 lazy man 9 to hurry 10 fool 11 to go mad 12 to deceive 13 perplexed 14 dumb, foolish 15 doubt, surprise 16 error 17 be in doubt, perplexed 18 absent-minded, unattentive 19 weakness	PTurk. *Alk- to finish; destroy; (refl.) perish, be exhausted, come to an end (заканчивать, выполнять; уничтожать): OTurk. alq- (Orkh., OUygh.), alq-ɨn- (refl.) (OUygh.); Karakh. alq- (MK, IM), alq-ɨn- refl. (MK, IM), alqɨš- ‘to destroy each other’ (MK); Tur. alk- (dial.); alk-ɨš- (Old Osm.) ‘to destroy (many)’; Kirgh. alq-ɨn- ‘to weaken’ (Р I 390), ‘to rage’ (Юд. 51) (?); Kaz. alq-ɨn- ‘to get short of breath, chafe’ (?); KKalp. alq-ɨn- ‘to get short of breath’.	PTurk. *jal-k- to suffer pain, be nauseated, hate (чувствовать боль, тошноту, отвращение): Karakh. jalq- (MK); MTurk. jalqɨ- (Pav. C.); Yak. sal-t-.
δώραξ doraks	spleen (Makedonian)	dalak/talak	spleen
ςιαγών siagon	jaw, jaw-bone	çenge	jaw, chin
γέργυπες gergypes	corpse,	gebre-/gevre-	to die (of animal)
κόμη kome	hair of the head			Porto-Altaic *kumi ( ~ -o-, -e) eyebrows, hair on temples: Tung. *kum-; Mong. *kömü-; Kor. *kùmìt.
κάνναβις kannabis	hemp	kendir/kentir	hemp	See further Altaic cognates: hemp: Tung. *xonta-kta; Turk. *kendir (*kentir); Jpn. *kántí. PTung. *xonta-kta hemp (конопля): Evk. onokto; Man. χunta; Ul.
ἄρκευθος ἄργετος arkeuthos argetos	juniper	irgay	Juniper	PTung. *ürē-kte 1 larch 2 rod, willow rod
πύξος pyksos	boxwood	bük	thicket, bushes, underwood	> πυξίς pyksis box made of boxwood
βερίκοκκον ~ βερικόκκιον berikokkon berikokkion	apricot			interesting word in word, see very old Türkic fruit name „erik“ meaning plum/apricot
τυρός tyros	cheese	Altaic/Turkic Tora-k/Dora-k cheese	source: http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/40_Language/Dybo_2007LingivistContactsOfEarlyTurksEn.htm	Paulys RE says:  " τυρός " must be a Turco-Tatar word sein
μέλι meli	honey	bal	honey
ζελᾶς zelas	wine	Modern Türkish çilek for strawberry, berry.	In Hungarian, there is a very similar word meaning "grape" that is borrowed from Turkish: *szőlő* (Sölö). (Bulgarian Türkish > Hungarian)	A Thracian word, I have written a blog about that
ςίκερα	a kind of wine	çakır	wine
ςίςανον sisanon (not IE word)	bad wine, sour wine	Bashk. sösö ‘insipid’, sösö- 2; Kirgh. čüčü		PTurk. *sǖči- sweet
ςίκερα sikera	wine with herbs	çaġır	wine	In Old Turkish, the act of making wine from grapes was expressed by the verb *çağırlamak*, while drinking wine was expressed by the verb *çağırmak*.
τάργανον targanon	Lydian name for cheap wine	*tarıġ*, meaning "all kinds of crops, grain." This word was derived from the Old Turkic verb *tarı-*—meaning "to sow crops, to scatter seeds"—using the Old Turkic suffix *+I(g)*.	See Türkish > Hung. dara ‘grain, groats’, see Gombocz 1912.	maybe a schnapps and not a cheap wine?
γῦρις guris	a kind of flour	Proto Altaic *­gure flour: Mong. *guril; Turk. *Kürüĺ; Jpn. *kuà; Kor. *kằrằ.	flour	gure ~ guris is crystal clear
ἀβυρτάκη abyrtake	sour sauce of leeks, cress, and pomegranate seeds, Pherecr.181, theopomp.Com.17, Alex.141.13, Nymphod.19, Polyaen.4.3.32.	PTurk. *Ăburt	cheek-pouch, inside of the mouth 2 gum 3 mouth- ful, gulp 4 cheek 5 molar 6 to take a mouthful, swallow	Theopompus wrote that this sauce was made in Media. I think, there were Türks in Media.
καρύκη karyke	a kind of sauce containing blood and spices	kar-	to mix	karık would mean „the mixed“
γέφυρα  gephyra	bridge	köprü	bridge	Proto-Altaic          *­k ̔óp ̔ìra rift (in a river), bridge:
ςέλας selas	light	yultuz	star	See: Khak. čɨltɨs; Shr. čɨltɨs; Oyr. ɨldɨs; Tv. sɨldɨs; Tof. sɨltɨs; Chuv. śъₙldъₙr; Yak. sulus; Dolg. hulus.
δνόφος dnophos	darkness	tün	nicht	See ­Tung. *tīnu-; Mong. *tüne
ἠλύγη elyge	shadow	?kölge	shadow	the Türkish word without the initial k is a very similar one. Interesting. A common ancestor?
ζεῦμαν zeuman	Spring, flowing water, stream (Phrygian)	say	river	like sey on Yenisey; and +man could be a suffix easily, like Türkic +man that is emphasizing the meaning like in Sarman (Saruman).
ἀγχοῦρος ankhouros	Cypriot for ‘dawn’	ingir/engür	dusk
καιάδαϲ ~ καιάταϲ ~ καιέταϲ - kayadas kayatas keyatas	a pit or underground cavern at Sparta, into which state-prisoners or their corpses were thrown	kaya: rock, mountain, slope	taş as toponym: Primary Meaning (Rocky Terrain): Etymologically, the word conveys the meanings of "rock" and "rugged region" in addition to "stone" (For example: Nallıtaş, Taşeli)	For Kaiadas see link: .https://lsj.gr/wiki/File:Kaiadas_View_23.jpg       see Archaic J dialect: A Western isogloss. PT -j- instead of the expected -d- is baffling (cf. TMN 1, 394, 3, 566); perhaps OT qaja is a borrowing from some ar- chaic “j-dialect”?
ζυγόν ~ ζυγόϲ zygon - zygos	yoke	çuğ/çug	to bind, to pack, wrap; bundle	parallels to Indo-European The word "yoke" derives from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (yoke), from root *yewg- (jOikosn, unite). This root has descendants in most Indo-European languages including German Joch, Latin iugum, Romanian jug, Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zygon), Persian یوغ (yuğ), Sanskrit युग (yugá), Hittite 𒄿𒌑𒃷 (iúkan), Old Church Slavonic иго (igo), Lithuanian jungas, Old Irish cuing, and Armenian լուծ (luts), all meaning "yoke".
ἔγχοϲ ~ ἔνχοϲ enkhos	spear	sünggü	spear	See Yakut  üŋǖ.    A S-mobile phenomenon?
πέλεκυϲ pelekus	axe	baltu	axe
ϲάγαριϲ ~ ϲαγάριϲ sagaris	battle axe (used by cavalry troops)	çakar	a special forces as a cavalry team in Old Türkish era	<çak-: to hit see link: https://www.kirpiedebiyatdergisi.com/gokturkler-doneminde-turk-atli-suvarileri-cakarlar-nuray-bilgili/
ἀρκάνη arkane	bar’ to which the threads of the warp are fastened in the loom. (back warp)	arka: back	arkan: rope	arkaġ a  thread inserted crosswise or transversely  during weaving.
ἄρκυϲ arkys	hunter’s net	arık / örük	woven	For ar ~ ör cenge: Polish warkocz < BulgarianTürkic. *vărkăč < Ana Tü. *ȫrgüč "örgü"< *ȫr- (by Stachowski, 2011: 33-34).
ἁγάνα agana	large drag net	aġ	trap, later (maybe in 11th C AD) net
ϲιγύνηϲ ~ ϲιγύνη ~ ϲίγυνα ~ ϲίγυννα ~ ϲίγυνοϲ ~ ϲίγυννοϲ ~ ϲίγυμνον ~ ζιβύνη‡ ~ ϲιβύνη ~ ϲυβίνη sigun sibun subin sigunna etc	Cypriot for hunting spear	PTurk. *sAg[u]n arrow, arrow head (стрела, наконечник стрелы):	MTurk. saɣan (AH); Khak. soɣan; Shr. soɣan; Oyr. soɣon, sōn; Tv. soɣu
βαλανεῖον balaneion	warm bath	?bula-	to spring (water)
ϲαργάνη sargane	plait, braid, plaited basket (According to Beekes, the variation σ/τ proves a Pre-Greek origin.)	Sarġan	A plant that grows in swamps” (DLT)	Sarġan ḳamış/ A thicket where reeds have dried up” (DLT,
οἶκοϲ oikos	house	üy	house
δῶμα δόμοϲ doma domos	house	tam	wall	later meaning home.                IE scholars: They are paralleled by terms such as Lat. domus, ‘id.’, Arm. tun, ‘house’, ‘building’, and Skt dám-, ‘house’, which all derive from IE *dṓm- and *dómo-, in turn from IE *demh1-, ‘to build’, which also yielded Gk δέμω, ‘to build’ (DELG 261f., 292f.; EDG 314f., 346f.)
καλιά kalia	hut, shrine, barn	kalı	a place to stay
ἄργελλα ἄργαλα argella argala	a kind of Macedonian dwelling	Mongolian (attested) argal/hargal	dung, excrement	dung was used as fixer in the construction of adobe houses, in their plastering
καραρύεϲ kararyes	Scythian ‘houses’ and ‘covered wagons’, and rural and cheap dwellings	kara- (Mongolian)	to look, to watch > karagul: patrol	maybe the first line to the direction of the enemy. See also Old Türkic karak: pupil (of the eye)
τύρϲιϲ tyrsis	tower, battlement	tör	honorary place in the hous	See Proto-Tungusic *turu pole, mast; sacred pole, place
τύρσις τύρρις τύρϲοϲ tyrsis tyrris tyrsos	tower, battlement, bastion	turuş	standing facing each other, to make a war	<tūr- “1. to stand up, 2. not to move”
θύραξ thyrax	tower	turuş	standing facing each other, to make a war	<tūr- “1. to stand up, 2. not to move”
ὄρυμοϲ ~ ὄρυμβοϲ orymos orymbos	altar, podestal	orun/orung	thron, higher place, placer	ng ~ m change is still possible in Turkish domuz = Tonguz. Like Themiskyra = Dengiz
ὀρτόϲ ortos	altar (Cypriot)	or-/ör-	to rise, to go up	see örküç “hump on a camel's back”
βύριον ~ βαύριον ~ βαυρία baurion bauria	house	bar-	to come, to go, to reach	> bark: dwelling place
ϲάκκοϲ sakkos	coarse leather	sağrı	raw leather, the outer surface of everything	Proto-Altaic *sióga back, back skin
ϲιϲύρα sisyra	goat's hair cloak	compare> PROTO ALTAIC: *sísu ( ~ z-) to baste, cloth: Tung. *sise-; Mong. *sisegej; Jpn. *súsuá; Kor. *sɨs-.
γυνή gyne	woman	güni	co-wife
ἄναξ anaks	lord	ınak	a kind of governor	ına- to trust
βαϲιλεύϲ basileus	king	başlı	the one with a head
τύραννοϲ tyrannos	absolute ruler	Turan	1000-500 BC Avestan, Old Persian texts “Tūraṇa” (𐬟𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬀) peoples living in eastern Iran, vast lands.
τίταξ titaks	dignitary	tut-: to grasp, > tutak: the one who keeps the land toigether	there is a Tutak Bey in Great Seljuk Empire als commander in year 1071 at Manzikert
κάπηλοϲ kapelos	shop-keeper	kap-: to close	> kapıġ: door
παλλακή ~ παλακή ~ παλλακίϲ ~ πάλλαξ ~ πάλληξ pallake pallaks etc	concubine, young girl, youth	bala	1 young animal, nestling, 2 child 3 a man’s wife’s younger sister 4 younger relative	+k is diminutive suffix
βαβάκκαριϲ	woman	karı	1 old 2 old woman or man 3 to become old
ἄλγοϲ algos	pain	OTurk. alaŋ-a-d- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. alɨɣ 2 (MK), alɨq- 3 (MK, KB); Tur. alɨk, (Osm.) alu 4, alaz, alɨz 4 (dial.), alkɨn 5 (dial.); Gag. alɨq 7, 10; Turkm. al-ŋ-a-sa- 9; MTurk. aluq 7 (Abush. 27); Uygh. alaq, alaŋ 7; Krm. alas 19; Tat. ala-ma 2, 6; Bashk. alama 2, 6, al-jawu 11; Kirgh. alaŋ, alaɣ-dɨ 18; Kaz. alaŋ 18; KBalk. alɨn- 11; KKalp. alaŋ 18; Nogh. ala-ŋ-ɣa-s-ar 18; SUygh. alɣač 8 (ЯЖУ 14); Khak. alɨɣ 10, alas 5, al-ɨn- , al-ax- 11, (caus.) 12; Shr. al-aq-tɨr- (caus. from *al-aq-) 12, al-aq-qan 13, alɨɣ 10, al-ɨn- 11; Oyr. alā (< alaɣ) 14, alu (< alɨɣ) 10, alaŋ 15, alɣas 5, al-ɨn- 11; Tv. alāq- 17, alaŋ 15; Yak. alɣas 16.		PTurk. *ăl- 1 to become weak 2 bad 3 to be vile (of a man), to turn septic (of a wound) 4 weak, inferior 5 upset 6 old, worn-out 7 crazy 8 lazy man 9 to hurry 10 fool 11 to go mad 12 to deceive 13 perplexed 14 dumb, foolish 15 doubt, surprise 16 error 17 be in doubt, perplexed 18 absent-minded, unattentive 19 weakness
βάνναϲ bannas	lord, king	bay/ban	rich	PTurk. *baj (~-ń) 1 holy 2 God 3 true, reliable, honest (1 святой 2 бог): Karakh. bajat 2 (MK - Argu, KB), bajɨq (MK Oghuz, IM) 3; Tur. ba- jat 2, bajɨq (dial.) 3; MTurk. bajat 2 (Abush., Sangl.); Kirgh. baj terek ‚pro- tection, advocacy’; Oyr. baj-lu 1, maj- ‘first part in a number of theonyms’ , baj terek ‘world tree’; Yak. bajanaj ‘name of a God’
ἄνορ anor	mind (Scythian word)	anla/-ang/	PTurk. *āŋ, *āŋ-la- ¹ to understand ² intelligence ³ to hear ⁴ to dis- cern (dial.)	wer see here again a Scythian word that has a Türkic etymology
γοῖτα goita	sheep	koy/kong	sheep	+t plural suffix, also see Carian κοῖον (koîon) and κόον (kóon)
δοῖδυξ ~ δοίδυξ  doidykx	pestle	tü/tüy	to pound, to beat
ἔγχοϲ ~ ἔνχοϲ enkhos	Spear	süngü/üngü (yakut)	spear	s-mobile?
εἰμάδεϲ eymades	shepherds’ dwelling gs	üy/uy	house	today eve, see Oikos ~ oy/uy/üy
ζελᾶϲ ~ ζίλαι (Hdn., Hsch.) ~ ζεῖλα zelas zela	vine	Chuvash ҫырла(śyrla).	strawberry	> Hungarian szőlő meaning grape, grapevine
ἤρανοϲ  eranos	keeper, guardian	eren	soldiers	plural with  +en
ἥρωϲ  heros	hero	er	mann
ἰαμβύκη yambuke	A rare, triangular stringed instrument (an ancient harp).	yangku	echo, sound, resound	mb ~ ng
ἰξύϲ  ikes	waist (of women); (pl.) loins	keş/kiş	belt, back, spine	IE *isghis-, 'loin': Hitt. iskis(a)-, 'loins', Lat. ilia, 'id.' (Mallory & Adams 2006: 182)
ἰρικάν irikan	horse with dark shiny coat	Yorğa / yor(ı)ğa)	Horse with a light gait	+n (plural suffix?)
κάβαιϲοϲ  kabaisos	insatiable, greedy person, glutton, gourmand	kap-	to swell, form blisters; thick, swollen; hill, mound
καλαβῶτιϲ kalabotis	onion	Kalba	wild garlic, leek
κίρκη  kirke	a kind of bird	PTurk. *Kɨŕ- , *Kɨrguj, *Kɨragan	hawk, falcon
κόνδυ  kondy	oriental drinking wessel	PTurk. *Kendük (*Kentük)	1 large earthenware jar for storing flour 2 bin, crib for flour, grain (1 большой глиняный сосуд для муки 2 ларь, закром для муки, зерна): Karakh. kendük (MK - Ganch.) 1; Az. kändi 2; Khal. kändi ‘basket’; MTurk. kündük ‘jug’ (Sangl.); Uzb. kandik 2; Kirgh. kendik ‘room for grain, fuel’ (may be < Pers.); Chuv. kandi ‚round wooden bowl!“
κώρυκοϲ  korykos	leather sack, quiver	PTurk. *Kurman, *Kurug-luk	bow-case, quiver (футляр для лука, колчан): Karakh. qurman, quruɣluq (MK); Tur. koruluk; MTurk. qurman (Ettuhf.); Uzb. qurma ‘wooden vessel’; Khak. xurlux; Oyr. qurluq. ◊ EDT 657, 660 (hardly from Pers. qurbān, but rather vice versa), ЭСТЯ 6, 163, 164.
μάλδακον maldakon	juice of the Balsamodendrum africanum:	bal: honey	Proto-Altaic *male honey, plant oil: Tung. *mala; Mong. *milaɣa-; Turk. *bạl.
μάνυζα manyza	garlic		ménrV garlic, onion: Tung. *meŋgu-; Mong. *maŋgir, *maŋgina; Jpn. *mìrà; Kor. *mànắr.
μαρίν marin	sow, pig	? PTurk. *bura soul of a sacrificial animal (horse) (душа жертвен- ного животного (коня)): Khak. pura ‘picture of a male maral on a sha- man drum’; Oyr. pura (dial.) ‘sacrificial animal’ . ◊ The Oyr. word is usually identified with bura ‘camel’ < PT *bugra; the absence of vowel length (*būra would be normally expected) is, however, baffling and could indicate a different origin of the Oyr. and Khak. words. Cf. perhaps also Yak. burgunas ‘young cow, cow without calve	PMong. *mori horse (лошадь): MMong. morin (HY 9, SH), mori (IM), murin (MA); WMong. mori(n) (L 543); Kh. moŕ; Bur. mori(n); Kalm. mörn ; Ord. mori(n); Mog. morin; ZM morin (20-6), KT muren (19-2b); Dag. mori, moŕ (Тод. Даг. 155, MD 192); Dong. mori; Bao. more; S.-Yugh. mōrə; Mongr. mori (SM 241)
νικύρταϲ  nikyrtas	born slave	Proto-Altaic nek῾V friend, relative: Tung. *neku-; Mong. *nökör., PTung. *neku- younger relative (sister / brother) (младший родст- венник (сестра / брат)): Evk. nekū; Neg. nexu(n); Man. neχu ‘slave girl’; Ul. neku(n); Ork. noko(nō); Nan. neku; Orch. neku; Ud. nêä-diga; Sol. nexũ.	PTung. *nīka- 1 relative 2 servant, slave 3 Chinese 4 ordinary man, people (1 родственник 2 слуга, раб 3 китаец 4 мужик, деревенщина): Evk. ńīkī (Nerch.) 1; Neg. nịkan 3, (arch.) 2; Man. niqan 3, 4; Ul. ńiqa(n) 2, 3 (arch.); Ork. ńaqqa(n) 2; Nan. ńịqã 3; Orch. ńiŋka 3, (arch.) 2; Ud. niŋka 3, (arch.) 2; Sol. nixã 3. ◊ ТМС 1, 590, 637. PMong. *nek- servant(s) (слуга, слуги): MMon	Türkish Nöker, a Mongolian loan
ϲπάξ (freq.) ~ ϲπάκα (fort. acc. s.) ~ ϲπάδακεϲ (nom. pl. ←nom. s. *ϲπάδαξ; Hsch., Gloss. in Hdt) spaks, spaka	dog	köpek	dog	like in KIRK <> SOROK ,  a change K > C ? obscure!
ταλάωρ  talaor	bow	tel/tal	string, wire
τεγγύροϲ tengyros	a kind of bird	tengir	sea, lake	a water bird?

*

Uzunbacak Adem 

*

Links: https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/86865466/FULL_TEXT.PDF

THE GREEKS HAD A WORD FOR IT.

AN OUTLINE OF THE ATTESTATION, DISTRIBUTION AND VARIABILITY

OF NON-INDO-EUROPEAN VOCABULARY IN ANCIENT GREEK,

FROM HOMER TO BYZANTIUM

A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

in the Faculty of Humanities

2017

Francesco Camagni

School of Arts, Languages and Cultures

*

English and Greek wiktionary 

and LSJ